Articles

A world without plastic would definitely be invaluable because the people have made a habit of using plastic in their daily life. The Plastic Bags have came into the existence since the last 50 years (last 5 decades) and there are some interesting facts which has been demonstrated on the internet that the plastic bags which would completely destroy our environment and they would have a bad impact on the environment. The regular plastic bags take almost up to 100years to degrade and even after that there is no guarantee that the plastic would completely disappear. There are approximately 46,000 pieces of the plastic which are floating in each square mile of the ocean. There is an astounding fact: Each year there are around 1 million sea birds and there are almost 100,000 sea mammals and there are many fishes which die from the plastic bags which float in the water. Due to the plastic bags a lot of birds and fishes have to die which is huge blow for the birds life. Due to the plastic bags the environment is getting a lot unhealthy and these plastic bags are ruining the beautiful environment. If the entire world decides to discard plastic from their lives then the beaches would be cleaner, the ecosystem’s would be very much healthier, and the rare species of the animals and the birds would feel safe to survive in this world. The government should take an intense action to clear all the rubbish garbage which contains plastic in it which is indeed harmful for the humankind. For the trees it would be a huge sigh of relief because when we would not use plastic bags then there are not any signs of possibility that the plastic bags would gather or come towards the trees. In our kitchen we won’t be able to find the plastic bags in the drawers, where we daily find sets of the plastic bags daily. Instead of using plastic bag the people should emphasise on using the reusable bags when they go for the shopping and the people should be stubborn if the person at the shopping mall offers them a plastic bag and they should opt only for a reusable bag for the betterment of the nation and to save the environment. In today’s society the people should select the shopper’s bag for their daily use and this shopper’s bags are also available in the market and this bags are effective and this fact cannot be ruled that this bags are made only for protecting the environment form the havoc which is being caused by the people only. There are some fantastic reports that some towns have already became plastic bag free and the towns have completely dethroned plastic from their life which is a unique achievement which people have done. In the United Kingdom, there is one town named as Modbury in the South Devon which has completely became a plastic bag free town and it is the first UK plastic bag free town.

The plastic pollution occurs when there is tons of the plastic being gathered in an area due to which there is a negative impact on the natural environment and they create the problems for the plants, wildlife and also for the human population and this sort of the plastic pollution is inevitable to avoid. Plastic is an incredibly useful material but it is being made from the toxic compounds which are very much harmful for the health and due to this plastic our lives become a very much vexing and they irk us a lot and they also make us illness and we should also take into account that the plastic is not biodegradable and the more plastic stays in our life then it is very much dangerous for our health. The moment we wake up in the morning we start our lives with a plastic bottle through which we drink water, and we take a plastic bag to carry our Tiffin box etc. The cost of the plastic bags is very much minimal and the people most of the times people prefer the plastic bags because they are easy to carry as compared to the other bags. Whenever the plastic bags are being thrown in the ocean or any other sea then the plastic becomes a toxic thing for the environment and they harm the environment. The plastic foes not get easily decomposed and it pollutes the land or the air nearby when it is being burned in the open air. The problem of the plastic can be resolved by digging the land and then the plastic should be kept under the land but there is one major problem the plastic remains as it is and thus there is not any signs of the plastic being removed and if we burn the plastic bag then it is incredibly toxic for the human being. The world’s water is in the great danger because of the leaking plastics and the waste. Groundwater and the reservoir are susceptible to leaking the environmental toxins. Most of the litter and the pollution affect the world’s oceans which derive from the plastics. The people which eat sea food have a big threat to their life because of the plastic pollution. When the plastic is being dumped in the land then the plastic interacts with the water and the plastic forms the hazardous chemicals and when these chemicals get mixed with the underground then the quality of the water degrades by an enormous amount which cannot be ignored. There are a lot of TV channels which are showing that the ducks and the dolphins are being trapped in the six ring plastic and even after these the plastic is being used on a regular basis. It costs millions of the dollars to clean the affected areas of the plants, animals and the people. In today’s generation it’s almost a stiff task to live without plastic but it’s not an impossible task at all. A bold step should be taken in order to avoid the inevitable and the advantages of the plastic free world are endless.

Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which is named for the Japanese city (Kyoto) and this Kyoto Protocol was signed under the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Kyoto Protocol which was signed on the 11^thDecember 1997 and the Kyoto Protocol came into effect on the 16^th February 2005. The Kyoto Protocol’s agreement was adopted at the Earth Summit in the Rio de Janerio. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the third session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCC). In the Kyoto Protocol there are currently 192 parties which are involved to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was implemented in order to fight against the global warming. The objectives of the Kyoto Protocol are to reduce the emissions of the greenhouse gases which are harmful for the people. The Kyoto Protocol is widely hailed as one of the most significant environmental treaty which was negotiated. In the year of the 2005, the Kyoto Protocol called for reducing the emission of the six greenhouses over 41 countries. The result of the Kyoto Protocol are very much efficient and from the year of 1990 to 2012, the Kyoto Protocol parties reduced the CO2 emissions by a margin of 12.5 % which is quite good result of the Kyoto Protocol. But the global emissions rose from time to time but overall 38 countries collectively reduced their output by 2 GtCO2 per year from the year of 2008 to 2012 as compared to the 1990. There are around 10 countries which achieved their respective targets by buying the carbon credits. The Kyoto Protocol came into existence in order to reduce the carbon leakage which they are able to do on a regular basis. The Kyoto Protocol also reaffirms the principle that the developed countries have to pay the billions of the dollars, and they also have to supply technology to the other countries for the climate related studies and also for the projects. There was also a project being conducted which was named as: “The Adaptation Fund” which was being established by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCC) and this was established to finance the concrete adaptation projects and the programmes in the developing countries that are the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol has got vital support from some environmentalists stating that: It has been possible only through the Kyoto Protocol that the “Emission of the Greenhouse gases has been reduced”. Due to the Kyoto Protocol there has been stringent reduction in the amount of CO2 gas. In the year of the 2001 some national academies studied the Kyoto Protocol and stated that the “The Kyoto Protocol is a small but an essential step towards stabilising the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases especially reducing the CO2 gas. The official conference of the Kyoto Protocol s being held every year and the first conference was held in the year of 1995 in Berlin, the next conference was being held in the year of 2013 and it was organised in Warsaw, In 2014 the conference was held in Lima and in the same year the conference was being held at the Peru and in the Paris, and the latest conference was being held in the year of 2015 in the France.

The Paris Agreement is an agreement which is under the United Nations framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC). The linguistics of the Paris Agreement was being finalised by the representatives of the each country of around 196 parties at the 21sst Conference of the Parties of the UNFCC (United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change) and the language were confirmed on the 12^th December 2015. In February 2018 195 UNFCC members (United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change) had signed the agreement. In the Paris Agreement the EU (European Union) are also a part of the Agreement. The Paris Agreement is an agreement which deals with the greenhouse Gas emissions. The Paris Agreement was drafted on the 30^thNovember 2015 and the Paris Agreement was sealed on 12^thDecember 2015. The Paris Agreement was signed on the 22^nd April 2016. The Paris Agreement came into effect on the 4^th November 2016. The Paris Agreement’s main head quarter is at the New York City. There are around almost 195 signatories which are being involved in the Paris Agreement. There are around 175 parties in the Paris Agreement which is quite a good achievement. In the Paris Agreement there are quite a lot of languages which the people speak which are Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish and English. There is a unique feature of the Paris Agreement that the USA (United States of the America) Donald Trump had withdrawn from the Agreement which was a huge blow to the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement is the universal climate deal in the human history. The main purpose of the Paris Agreement is to avoid the increase of the 2 degree of the average temperature. The ultimate aim of the Paris Agreement is to decrease the amount of the CO2 gas. A fund of around USD 100 billion was created in order to strengthen the reduction of the greenhouse gases and the fund was also created for the adaptation of the climate change. The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms are the International Emissions Trading, Clean Development Mechanism and the Joint Implementation. The Paris Agreement is established in order to completely reduce the amount of CO2 gases which are being produced in the Green House Gases. The Paris Agreement got a good support from the scientists which lauded them for upbringing an environmental agreement which has been proved to be very much successful. In the Paris Agreement there is Article 13 which states that: “The Enhanced transparency framework for the action and support”. Each country has to report every two years on their efforts and they also submit their review of their work.

NASA (National Aeronautics and the Space Administration) is a United States Government agency which is responsible for the science and the technology which is related to the air and to the space. NASA was formed on 29^th July 1958.NASA overcame the NACA (National Advisory Committee for the Aeronautics) and the new agency came into existence on 1^stOctober 1958. The head quarters of the NASA are located in the Washington. THE agency of the NASA has nine centres, seven test and they also have the research facilities. There are many people who work for the NASA as the government contractors and the people who are hired by the companies then the NASA pays the officers. NASA has begun the programme of the human spaceflight which has received a heart warming welcome from all over the world. The employees of the NASA (National Aeronautics and the Space Administration) are around 17,000. The administrator and the associate administrator of the NASA is Robert M. Lightfoot and the Deputy Associate Administrator of the NASA is Krista Paquin. The Official Website of the NASA is as follows: “nasa.gov”. The Administrator of the NASA is being appointed by the president of the NASA and it is being confirmed by voting in the Senate. The President of the NASA Dwight D. Einsenhower who started the NASA and his main motive of starting NASA were to prod the serene applications in the space science. NASA’s science emphasises on the better understanding of the Earth through the earth Observing System. NASA is starting a new programme in which they are trying to send the humans to go beyond the moon to the Mars and they also have started their work. NASA’s Education Office helps the teachers to prepare the students for their respective fields like engineers, scientists, doctors, astronauts and other NASA officers for the future of the NASA. NASA encourages the students and all the novice trainers to take part in the NASA and build a strong foundation for the NASA. The NASA had started few programmes such as the Mercury, Gemini and the Apollo and these programme helped the NASA to learn about the flying in the space and due to these programme there was the first human landing on the moon in the year of the 1969. The NASA’s robotic pace probes have visited each and every planet which i present in the solar system and they also have visited several other celestial bodies which is a remarkable achievement for the NASA (National Aeronautics and the Pace Administration). The telescopes have also allowed the scientists to look at the far reaches of the space. NASA also has helped to develop a variety of the cutting edge aircraft and they successfully have tested all the aircrafts and these aircrafts seem to be very much efficient. These aircraft includes the planes that have et various new records. These planes have helped the engineers a lot by improving the air transportation.

NASA has contributed to a lot to the Herschel Space Observatory. Herschel is a European Space Mission which has a significant participation from the NASA (National Aeronautics and the Space Administration). NASA has played a key role in the development of their two missions’ instruments which were SPIRE and HIFI. SPIRE (Spectral and the Photometric Imaging Receiver) uses the “spider web bolometer” and this spider web bolometer are more than 40 times sensitive than the composite bolometer.  The SPIRE was developed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) by the scientist Dr. James Bock who is the SPIRE’s Co-Investigator. The Dr. James Bock received the Presidential Career Award for the Scientists and the Engineer in the March 2002. HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared) senses the radiation along the six wavelength bands. NASA is also providing the mixers and the local oscillator chains for the highest band, and the local oscillator components for the other four bands and the power amplifiers. The NASA’s (National Aeronautics and the Space Administration) Herschel Science Centre which is a part of the Infrared Processing and of the Analysis Centre at the California Institute of the Technology has also contributed to the science planning and also to the data analysis software which is quite amazing and unbelievable for the NASA.  Before 1990 the view of the space came from the ground based light telescope and the work of launching Hubble Space telescope got started in the year of the 1975 and finally the scientists launched Hubble. The Scientists spent about 8 years to assemble and test the telescope’s 400,000 parts and 26,000 miles of the wiring. In the year of the 1999 NASA successfully launched the most sensitive X-ray telescope n the world. The X-ray telescopes are a lot of different than the light telescope and this invention of the X-ray was named as the Chandra X-ray. Before 1972 there was not a single manmade object which had made it to an outer planet. In 1972 the NASA (National Aeronautics and the Space Administration) launched the Pioneer 10. The Pioneer 10 which was launched got passed through the asteroid belt between the Earth and the Jupiter. Apollo 13 was launched on the 11^th of the April in the year of the 1970 and it was headed for the moon and this mission proved to be a topsy turvy bit because after fifty five hours and fifty five minutes an explosion occurred and almost everything was devastated but somehow the engineer and the scientists pulled out a blinder by overcoming the Apollo 13. In the year of 1996 to the year of 1997 the NASA launched Pathfinder on the Mars planet and they also launched a robot on the Red Planet. In the year of the 1961 in which the NASA launched Freedom 7 which was the first American in the Space.  NASA launched Apollo 11 through which they were able to walk on the moon in the year of the 1969. The NASA is also making key contributions to the data and to the science analysis. NASA technology has contributed to the many items from the smoke detector to the medical tests.

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Good company in a journey makes the way seem shorter. — Izaak Walton