Author: Varad Sandeep Vaichal

For India

India finally have ended a 71-year drought by winning TEST Series in Australia by a margin of 2-1. India retained the Border-Gavaskar Trophy in Australia after 2003-04 which is after 15 years. Virat Kohli now has won 11 Tests overseas and has equaled Sourav Ganguly’s record for most Test wins in overseas conditions. India won a Test match in Adelaide after 15 years and won a Test Match in Melbourne after 34 years. Virat Kohli is only Asian Captain to win a Test Series in Australia.

Gritty Cheteshwar Pujara was the pillar (WALL) of batting line up where he showed tremendous amounts of patience and endurance throughout the TEST Series and he played marathon knocks as he amassed 521 runs at an average of 74 and at a strike rate of 41 and faced 1258 balls which are 209 overs which is unbelievable in this modern Era of the Test Cricket where the batsman is looking to score at a strike rate of 60. There were shades of Rahul Dravid in his batting style and Pujara also changed his gear when he was batting with the tail-enders which was seen in First Test match where he scored 61 runs with tail-enders. Pujara throughout TEST Series was focusing on playing innocuous balls and showed great mental application to survive and score runs against the pace troika: Starc, Cummins and Hazlewood.

Skipper Virat Kohli had a decent Test Series according to his standards as he scored 282 runs where he scored 1 century and 1 half century. During this tour Virat Kohli got starts but King Kohli wasn’t competitive with the bat as compared with the 2014-15 Test Series where he scored a whopping 692 runs with 4 centuries as he was victim of Pat Cummins as Cummins took the wicket of Kohli 4 times out of 7 innings. Kohli was marshalling his troops and applied different strategies with the nature of the pitch which he showcased his leadership qualities.

Rishabh Pant just took Australian attack to the cleaners as he blasted 350 runs where he scored 1 century. Rishabh Pant became First ever Indian Wicket Keeper to score a century in Australia. Rishabh Pant batted with the sword as he was smashing the bowlers all over the park and his knock of 159 runs in 4^th Test match showcased that he can also play as a no.6 batsman and in that knock, he batted sensibly and made Aussie quicks toil a lot.

India’s Vice Captain Ajinkya Rahane had a mediocre Test Series as he scored 217 runs where he scored 2 half centuries.

India’s openers :  K L Rahul and Murali Vijay didn’t score  a single half century and Prithvi Shaw the U-19 winning captain of Team India was injured in the Practice due to which India had to call Mayank Agarwal to the test Team for the last 2 Test matches and he made the most of the opportunity as he scored 195 runs which included 2 half centuries.

Mayank has now has made his place in the Indian Test team for a longer period of time.  The way in which Pujara played he made a statement to the bowlers in world that they have to toil a lot to take his wicket. Pujara also showed that he can also play a vintage knock with the tail-enders. Rishabh Pant’s century has given headaches to Indian Selectors and Virat to whether play Saha or Pant in next Test Series which India is going to play against Windies in 2019 in Carribean after ICC 2019 WC and if Rishabh Pant can improve his wicket keeping style then he can be a long-term option and he can be Adam Gilchrist of Team India batting at No.7

There was a young sensation in India’s bowling unit as India found an immaculate fast bowler and wicket taking bowler in the form of the Jasprit Bumrah as he picked 21 wickets and he was banging short deliveries on a consistent basis and Bumrah was being used in short spells where at times he bowled like ODI bowler and T20 bowler which paid off and whenever Virat wanted a wicket then Virat gave the ball to Bumrah.

Ishant Sharma lanky fast bowler was on his 4^th Australian Test Tour and he guided the Bumrah and Shami to bowl impeccable line and lengths as Ishant picked 11 wickets. Mohammed Shami was giving no looseners to the batsman and was bowling perfect line and lengths in Australia’s bouncy pitches.

Ashwin was sidelined after the first test match but he took 6 wickets in Adelaide Test match. Kuldeep Yadav the china-man took a five wicket haul in his first ever test match which he played in the Sydney. Ravindra Jadeja showcased his all-round abilities as he took 7 wickets and scored 90 runs and in the 4^th Test Match he frustrated Aussies quicks and scored a flamboyant knock of 81 runs and with the ball in hand he completely foxed Australia’s batting line up with sharp turn and bounce and he was electric in the field.

After such a culminating performance by Indian pacers it can be said that the current Indian pace attack can take wickets in any conditions as India have a good bench strength in the form of Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Umesh Yadav and India also have a belligerent allrounder in the form of Hardik Pandya. The fast bowlers of India were consistently bowling at 140km/hour and the Aussie batsman were made to work hard for each and every run as Australia scored a run rate of 2.6 runs.

For Australia

Australia failed to hold on to their fortress and lost first ever Test Series in Australia against India. Not a single batsman of Australia scored a century in the Test Series and this is the second instance happened within 9 months (barring in Pakistan vs Australia Test Series where Usman Khawaja scored a century) where no Aussie batsman scored a century; the first instance was against South Africa in South Africa 2018.

The debutant Marcus Harris was the top runs scorer for Australia as he scored 258 runs which included 2 half centuries and he showed good mental application. Travis Head who was novice to the Test cricket failed to convert his half centuries into a big one as he scored 237 runs which included 2 half centuries and his dismissal followed a similar pattern as he was looking to score a boundary off each ball.

There were high expectations from Usman Khawaja to lead the batting line up in the absence of the banned duo Smith and Warner but he got into the shell by just blocking the delivering as he managed only 198 runs with only 1 half century. Shaun Marsh the veteran batsman in the team was expected to play the role of the senior batsman but his nervous starts to the innings was the reason behind his failures as he managed a paltry 183 runs with 1 half century. Australia needed Tim Paine the batsman but due to the captaincy pressure Tim Paine had a forgettable series as he managed only 174 runs with not a single half century.

Pat Cummins was batting at No.8 position and he batted like a perfect middle order batsman who was ticking all boxes with his impeccable technique as he scored 163 runs with 1 half century and it looked like he should have been promoted to No.4 or No.5 position.

Australia’s leading wicket taker was Nathan Lyon who took 21 scalps which included 2 five wicket hauls and he was making life difficult for batsman for the first 2 Test matches but later India made Lyon frustrate and started rotating strike on a consistent basis. Nathan Lyon went past the tally of Allan Donald Test wickets of 330.

Pat Cummins bowled his heart out in each and every Test match as he picked 14 wickets with 1 five wicket haul and he was troubling each and every batsman of India with his short ball barrage. Mitchell Starc and Josh Hazlewood pace duo of Australia wasn’t that threatening after new ball lost his shine as both the bowlers took 13 wickets each. Josh Hazlewood who is often being compared with legendary Glenn McGrath took the responsibility on his shoulders to provide breakthrough with new ball but he didn’t get support from Starc. The batsman of India were scoring runs against Starc and they were rotating strike on a consistent basis due to which Starc conceded a lot of extras and his line and lengths were not threatening.

Australia displayed a below par performance in this Test Series with no senior batsman guiding team. The pace troika of Australia: Starc, Cummins and Hazlewood failed to replicate their performance which they displayed against England in Ashes 2017-18. Australian batting line up didn’t post a single 400 runs on the scoreboard.

Stump Mic

Rishabh Pant and Tim Paine were involved in a funny banter with each other. Tim Paine suggested Pant that he should play in the BBL because of his attacking brand of cricket. Paine sledged Rohit: “If he hits a six then he would support Mumbai Indians in 2019 IPL”. Tim Paine and Virat Kohli were involved in a confrontation in the second Test match and the incident was so heated up that the umpires had to step in and the umpire Chris Gaffaney told both of them :“That you are Captains and this is not expected from you”.

Rishabh Pant had banter with the following players: Pant sledged Khawaja in first Test match by saying: “Everyone is not Pujara “, Pant encouraged Pat Cummins in first Test match by saying: “Common Pat hit a six”. Pant teased Paine in fourth Test by saying “There is a new guest and a temporary captain for Australia”.

The radio script is the art of creating and gathering information, audio clips, facts, certain sounds and it also can be said as the mixture of all these things. Radio Journalists tend to be more informative in their script and also focus on the facts for the betterment of their programme which also gives the audience an honest programme. The radio script is further divided into 7 main categories which are as follows:

1. The Beginning

The radio script’s beginning should be energetic and it should contain all the information of the programme which is going to take place. The quality of words plays a major impact in the radio script which determines the standard of the programme for the audience. The major focus in the beginning of the radio script is that we the Radio Journalist should not repeat same words which annoys the audience .The beginning of radio script determines the mentality of radio journalist and the radio script is a work of creation which you’re going to present it forward to the people.

• The Main Content

The radio script should be written in a manner of explicit form. The audience want the script to be more practical hence try using daily common words in the script. The radio script should be written in a proper format and it should not contain any form of slang language which the audience won’t like. The Radio Journalist should try to inculcate the art of simplicity in their programme which attracts a lot of audience. The radio script should include the audio clips and sounds wherever found necessary and thus it acts a major boost for the programme which increases the intensity of the programme. The radio script should always try to take audience in their each step and also the script should be written little bit humorous.

• Radio Journalist’s opinions won’t matter

The radio journalist should never ever try to put forth their opinions in the radio script because the audience are not listening for the comments and views of the radio journalist. The radio journalist should try to be more informative and descriptive of its content in the programme which serves as the standard and level of the programme. The radio journalists who are broadcasting information should be aware of the fact that they are broadcasting precise information, concise details and undoubtedly the original facts in the programme. The radio journalist major duty is to introduce the audience to its information in a serene and enthusiastic manner.

• Importance of the audio’s and sounds

The audio and sounds play a significant role in the structure and it is often recognised as the backbone of the radio script. The audience eagerly wait for the start of audio’s and sounds which makes them energetic and all of a sudden they are taken by storm and they assume as if they are the part of the programme. But the radio journalist should also take care of his/her small mistake can damage the reputation of the programme. The intensity of the audio and sounds can lighten up the whole programme and it never disappoints the audience through its presentation. Thus it can be said that the audios and sounds serve to be as the one of the core parts of the radio script which entertain the audience and also enthralls them.

• There should not be any improper information

The radio script should not contain any sort of misleading information and it should not ignore the truthful facts which they are presenting towards the audience. The quality and reputation of the radio script is being recognised through its honesty, credibility and sincerity of the work being done in the programme for the audience. The radio script should not contain any sort of absurd content or objectionable material which is considered to be as harmful for the programme and it could also be the end of the programme. The radio script’s quality and content is observed through its information and the way of representing the facts before the audience which cannot be neglected under any circumstances.

• The Ending

The ending of the script should always be in the way of greeting the audience for their patience throughout the programme. The radio journalist should not try to be over smart at the ending of the programme by saying that: “That’s all the stuff for today” else the radio journalist should say that: “We will present another exciting programme for you in the recent future”. The radio journalist should respect the audience after all the content was made for the audience and only for the audience.

• A final analysis of the radio script

The radio journalist should try to have a cross check of his/her content by showing it to his/her friend which will definitely benefit because there is a difference between the observation and analysis of two people’s thinking and thought process. If the colleague or friend suggests any minor or major corrections the radio journalist should not take it in the negative way and he/she should have an open minded attitude for the radio script. After doing all these analysis and observations the radio script seems to have undergone the scanner of the radio journalist and its outcome will always be fruitful.

e-education is the most frequently used technology especially in the colleges with the help of the projector and in this technology slides, statistics, facts and figures are being shown. Due to this technology, the concept of the nightmare topic is becoming as easy as selecting MCQ’s blindly. The smart phone is the gadget, which allows all the data of the globe come in our finger- tip easily .Due the rise of the e-education there is a huge grin on students face as their mind is becoming like an entrepreneur who have tons of experience.

Advantages of e-education Technology

• e-education technology is helpful for those students who have their concepts cleared which help them get more deep information of their topic
• The manner in which this technology explains the contents it creates an enthusiastic atmosphere in the classroom.
• The students are able to visualize the topic which they are studying and their confidence & morale has been increased due to this technology

Consequences of the e-education Technology

• The teachers attitude of teaching has been changed drastically and also students progress has not been observed keenly as it was in earlier days
• It has destroyed the bonding of a student and a teacher which relation is given between Lord and his son/ Daughter.
• The students are addicted towards smart phones, which have removed the reading habit of students.
• The students are taking grated each thing related to studies and delaying each another activity.

Proper use of e-education technology

 It should not be used most of the times since atmosphere in the class looks gloomy and dull.

The most important thing which education does is to make a student stand on his/her own feet.

The teachers and students should imbibe the habit of reading which is at utmost important through which you can reach to the level of excellence.

After this hard work, the student should inculcate e- education technology, which would be easier to understand its applications in daily life rather than simply carrying out tasks.

This technology should be used cautiously because it is very attractive and at the same part of the time, it is related towards a world, which has no occlusion created by other people.

There are around 1.2 billion people living in India, out of which 90 million families and to be more precise 54.6 per cent of the population is engaged in the agriculture. 54.6 % of the population is engaged in the agriculture tells us that India is a country which is dependent on agriculture for their survival. Agriculture in India is undergoing a structural and drastically change leading to a crisis situation. There has been a tremendous rise of farmer’s suicides due to agrarian crisis. The ratio of farmer’s suicide is increasing day by day which is a dangerous sign especially in the state of Maharashtra. Socio-economic factors are the factors rather than the mental problems are associated with farmer suicides. The basic root of the agrarian crisis in the Maharashtra is the population on the land. Due to the population on the land the farmers have to cultivate a lot of crops. Around 83% of rural households are entirely landless or own less than 1 hectare of land. The farmers have the main crisis which is of the shortage of the money. There are many farmers who are landless and they lack to invest in farm infrastructure such as farm machinery, farm tractors to compensate for the scarcity of land. Most of the farmers are dependent on the rains to grow crops and sometimes there is too much rain due to which the crops get damaged and all the hard work of the farmer goes in vain. The most important factor for the crops is that there is not adequate rainfall throughout the season and this hampers the cultivation of crops and the agrarian crisis takes place in the life of a farmer and the large majority of the small farmers are dependent on the rains. A weak monsoon or an even a delayed monsoon results a significant loss of output. Farmers are at the mercy of the traders and the better the crop the lower would be the price of the crop which demoralizes the farmer and all his hard work goes in the vain.

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of the weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation if weather within the context of longer-term average conditions. Climate change is caused by the factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have been identified as the primary causes of ongoing climate change, often referred to as global warming. Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record – extending deep into the Earth’s past- has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on the geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulation of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analysis of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match the past climate data, make future projections, and link the causes and effects in the climate change.

The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause. Accordingly, fluctuations over periods shorter than a few decades do not represent climate change. The term “climate change” is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change also known as global warming. Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as a part of Earth’s natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases wile climate change includes the  global warming and everything else that increases green house gases levels affect. In 1966, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) proposed the term “climatic change” to encompass all forms of climatic variability of time-scales longer than 10 years, regardless of cause. Change was a given and climatic was used as an adjective to describe this kind of change. When it was realized that human activities had potential to drastically alter the climate, the term climate change replaced the climatic change the dominant term to reflect an anthropogenic cause. Climate Change was incorporated in the title of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate Change used as a noun became an issue rather than the technical description of changing weather.

On the broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the Sun and the rate at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and climate of the Earth. This energy is distributed among the globe by the  winds, ocean currents, and other mechanism to affect the climates of different regions. Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcing of “forcing mechanisms”. These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth’s orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere and oceans, mountain building and continental drift and changes in green house gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedback’s that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. Some parts of the climate system such as the oceans and ice caps, respond more lowly in reaction to climate forcing, while others respond more quickly. There are also key threshold factors which when exceeded can produce the rapid change. Forcing mechanisms can be either internal or external. Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself and its example is the thermohaline circulation. External forcing mechanisms can be either natural or anthropogenic And its example is increased emissions of green house gases and dust. Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of the climate system might be fast and its example is sudden cooling to airborne volcanic ash reflecting sunlight, low and its example is thermal expansion of warming ocean water or a combination and its example is sudden loss of albedo in the Arctic Ocean as sea ice melts, followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the water. Therefore, the climate system can respond abruptly, but the full response to forcing mechanism might not be fully developed for centuries or even longer.

Global warming is gradual increase in the temperature of earth surface and atmosphere all round the world. Global warming is caused by due to greenhouse effect of increased level of green house gases such as carbon dioxide, CFCs etc. There are various types of pollutants also which involved in the increasing the atmospheric temperature of the earth. Increasing use of fossil fuels by the people and the deforestation is increasing carbon dioxide emissions which trap heat and cause greenhouse effect. Water Vapor is also a significant greenhouse gas which is not directly produced by humankind but involve in global warming hugely. A slight increase in the level of CO2 causes marked increase n each temperature. Green house gases absorb and reradiate infrared radiations which ultimately cause green house effect. Global warming is because of deforestation, CO2 is not absorbed well and remain in the atmosphere for long time and they trap the heat.

Global warming has hugely impacted the environment and human life to a great extent for many years. The level of sea water is increasing continuously every year and creating fear for the nearby cities, islands and seawater animals. Rainfall pattern has also distributed which causes drought in some areas and flooding in other areas. Ice caps and glaciers are melting continuously and its level depends on the increased level of temperature. It is causing loss of habitat near to the poles and polar bears have greatly endangered. Wild animals living in the forest are endangered because of their habitat loss due to deforestation. Bleaching of Coral reefs and loss of Plankton are done due to warming seas and acidification (carbonic acid formation). Various types of diseases are also spreading especially malaria to the nearby regions. Now, it has become very necessary for the countries worldwide especially developed countries to reduce their carbon emission ass quickly as possible. US need to reduce its carbon emission to a great extent in order to solve the problem of global warming. Limiting some of the promising sectors like coal-fired electricity and wind power can reduce in carbon emissions in the nearby decades.

Global warming is all over rise in the temperature of the earth surface. It has affected the environment and whole atmosphere and has resulted into huge level climate change. A huge change in the earth’s climate system because of the global warming is observed in the recent past years.The effects of increased global temperature are melting ice, warmed continents, increasing sea level, seasonal changes, climate changes, changing precipitation, expansion of deserts in the subtropic regions etc. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported in 2014 that according to the scientists, global warming is mostly a human being created environmental issue. It is mainly caused by ever increasing level of greenhouse gases on the earth. Impacts of global warming differ from region to region all over the world. Retreat of glaciers, sea ice, more frequent extreme weather events, heat waves, heavy rainfall and snowfall, droughts, floods, ocean acidification, species extinctions, etc are some huge impacts of shifting temperature regimes. In order to reduce the effect of the global warming, effective societal responses are needed to be implemented and followed urgently.

Global warming is slowly but constantly heating the planet from North Pole to South Pole because of increasing temperature of the earth surface. Effects of rising temperature are happening in more dangerous way day by day and affecting the natural resource very badly. It is not good sign for whose planet and living beings on the earth. This increasing heat is not only affecting the ecosystem but also melting glaciers at the Earth’s pole, melting sea ice and ice sheets, changing precipitation patterns (rainfall and snowfall), extinctions of animals and many more. The water level in sea is rising in very fast way over the last century. Some of the insect, animals and plants (butterflies, foxes and alpine) are on the way of extinction or moved to the cooler areas. If the rise in temperature will continue in future, other surprising effects will happen in the later decades such as seal level rise by 7 to 23 inches, hurricanes, storms will be stronger, floods, and droughts will be more common by the end of the century

Global warming is working like a demon in the earth as it is warming the planet continuously year by year. Actually, global warming is not created itself, it is a man created demons affecting the whole world gradually but regularly. There is increase in temperature of the whole planet by around 0.8 degree Celsius however it is estimated to be raised more by the end of 21^st century around 2-5 degree Celsius. Global Warming is a big trouble to all of us and animals including plants and other living beings. Global warming is getting worse day by day because of the phenomenon known as greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane which trap heat inside and make earth’s environment hotter. Green house gases work like the curved glass around the planet. Natural greenhouse effect is good for the planet a without it earth may be too cold and do not support the diversity of life here. However, huge increase in the amount of green house gases by the human activities is not good as it is creating gigantic effects all over the planet.

Global Warming is one of the big environmental problems in current time. According to the researchers, heating impact, caused by excessive emission of greenhouse gases, is the main reason of the global warming. It is very dangerous and harmful to the existence of life in the future on the earth. Because of global warming, sea level is increasing regularly which is creating the fear of the flood in lower lying coastal areas and cities. Because of flood, some countries may finish completely in the near future. It is changing the weather patterns regularly, due to some places of the earth are facing severe drought, flood and various uncommon weather conditions. Carbon dioxide is one of the main green house gases, the increased amount of which is causing a warming effect on the earth surface which in turn causes evaporation of more water and creates water vapor. In this way the level of green house gases in the atmosphere are increasing and creating more warming effect. CO2 level is also increasing because of the burning fossil fuels Other green house gases like Sulphur, CFCs, Methane, etc are also responsible for increasing global warming. The level of these gases is increasing due to the population growth, urbanization, industrialization, technological advancement and deforestation. Population growth is responsible for urbanization, deforestation and industrialization which are causing global warming in many ways. More population leads towards the more utilization of technologies, fossil fuels, coal, gases, lubricate etc which is a big reason  of carbon emission. Huge amount of CO2 is released due to various human activities such as burning of coal, oil, natural gases, deforestation, cooking food, etc. Whenever and wherever we use electricity we produce more CO2 and other green house gases. Global warming has now been a serious problem and we need to fight that with our positive and environment friend activities. We need to take proper initiatives in order to save our mother earth and to do that we need to stop Co2 emission to a greater extent. It is possible if we reduce the use of oil, fuel, gases, etc and concentrate on renewable energy usage.

Maldives is a country which is officially known to be as the republic of Maldives and it is a South Asian island country which is located in the Indian Ocean and it is situated in the Indian Ocean. The Maldives lies in the south west of the Sri Lanka and the India. Maldives is a country which has religion of 100 % Islam. The official language of the Maldives is the Maldivian. The Government in the Maldives is of the unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic.  The President of the Maldives is the Abdulla Yameen and the Vice President is the Ahmed Adeeb. The Speaker of the Maldives is the Abdulla Maseeh Mohamed and the Chief Justice is Abdulla Saeed. The area of the Maldives is around 298 km and the population of the Maldives in 2016 is around 4, 27,756. The GDP of the Maldives from the 2017 estimate is $3.578 billion and per ca-pita GDP is $9,948. The Maldives is situated at the top of the Chagos- Maldives-Laccadive Ridge.

There is political instability in the Maldives due to the arrest of their Vice President Ahmed Adeeb who had been appointed as the vice President of the Maldives just 3 months before the Vice President Abdulla Jihad. Vice President Ahmed Adeeb was arrested due to his connection in the explosion on the Presidential speedboat on the 28^th September.  Due to such type of violence in the Maldives there is some instability in the Maldives and the investigation is going on and the Maldives Police wants to sort out these issues as quickly as possible and they are also trying to stop such explosions in the Maldives. The Police of the Maldives are trying to find out more sources through debriefing of their Vice President Ahmed Adeeb.  As these political crisis are going in the Maldives there are some signs of the war taking place especially from the China which are vying for the strategic dominance in the Indian Ocean nation.

Maldives is a very small country as compared to the India but for India Maldives is like an important neighbor. India was one of the first nations to recognize the Maldives Independence. India has supported the Maldives policy of keeping regional issues and the struggles away from the itself.Maldives also have a good relationship with the India which is a source of aid. India too has good relations with the Sri Lanka which is in the nearness to the island nation and the Sri Lanka is India’ largest trading partners which cannot be ignored at all. India Maldives relations first came into act in the year 1976 and from that high standard contacts with each other and they have also maintained the decorum on the regional issues without any sort of conundrum. India and the Maldives have some good commercial relations too which are laudable. India has contributed in bilateral programs of the Maldives for the enhancement of the health, infrastructure, and telecommunications and also for the labor resources. India has also established the Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital in the Maldives and it is located in the Male which is the capital of the Maldives. India also has good ratio of the exports to the Maldives and in the year of the 2006 the Indian exports to the Maldives were around to 3.84 billion and the imports which were imported were 60 million. The State Bank of the India also has contributed more than US $ 500 million to aid for the economic expansion of the Maldives and it can be seen India’s contribution is in an enormous amount to the Maldives. These ratios significantly tells us that the relations between the India and Maldives have been built on a rock foundation and these relations are completely impeccable Whereas Maldives have also stated that they are eagerly waiting to work with the India to expand the fisheries and the tuna processing. On April 2006 Indian Navy had gifted Trinkat Class Fast Attack Craft of 46 meter length to the Maldives National Defense Force’s Coast Guard.  In India and the Maldives Relations there are no hiccups nor there any sorts of superiority over one another. The relations of the India Maldives have never been topsy-turvy nor there dominance of the two nations over one another which is quite a remarkable achievement. India and the Maldives both these nations are the founding members of the SAARC (South Asian Association for the Regional Cooperation). India and the Maldives have maintained extremely .The relations of the India and the Maldives have been very much friendly and close in the strategic, economic and in the military connection which is quite a commendable. India’s Prime Minister stated Maldives in his quotes that Maldives is a valued partner in the Indian Ocean neighborhood and he also stated that the India Maldives ties are built on a very strong foundation which cannot be broken at all and he emphasized that the contours of which are defined are the shared strategic, security, economic and developmental goals. But to be more fair and concise India has stayed away from the political crisis in the Maldives and they have not interfered in their affairs at all. Maldives President Abdulla Yameen has also been very much amicable to India’s Prime Minister and he described India as the closest friend and ally. Maldives President Abdulla Yameen also noted that India’s assistance has been an “invaluable contribution” to the Maldives. The Maldives parliament had passed a legislation approving a free trade agreement (FTA) with the China. But India had raised a lot of questions regarding the FTA which was between the Three Countries: India, China and Maldives. Later the Maldives President Abdulla Yameen stated that the Maldives government is working towards a free trade agreement between the Maldives and the India. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Maldives President Abdulla Yameen have been very much amiable towards each other and both these seem to carry good relations between India and Maldives irrespective of their nation problems.

Defamation is the act of injuring another’s reputation by any slanderous communication which may be written or the oral, or defamation is the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of the another person, government, religion or the nation. Defamation is also known as disparagement, vilification, denigration, aspersion, slur, character assassination, detraction, smear, dirty laundry , opprobrium etc. these all word means the that a false statement is made about a person, government, religion or nation in order to harm the reputation. In the civil laws of the jurisdiction, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong conduct. A person who intends to damage a person’s reputation is called a libel which means a written false statement which seeks to damage someone’s reputation or a slander which means a malicious statement which may be written or spoken especially one which is injurious to a person’s reputation. The great philosopher quoted about the defamation as:”For a man of honor Defamation is the worse than the death and it is considered to be the Great Evil”. Reputation s considered being an integral and most important part of the dignity of an individual and the right to reputation is inherent right guaranteed by the Article 21 and it is also called as the natural rights. In India the rights of the freedom of the speech and the expression which have been granted by the Article 19 (1)(a) of the Constitution of India, they are not absolute and it has imposed reasonable restrictions for exercising rights in the interest of the security of the state, friendly relations with the foreign states, public order, morality, contempt of the court and the defamation. The defamation laws only can protect the individual’s private interest and its reputation. In a country like India defamation can be viewed as a civil offense and it also may be considered as a criminal offense and it may be defined as the writing, publication and the speaking of a false statement which causes harm to a person’s reputation and a good name is damaged only for the sake of the private interest. In a civil defamation an individual has the right to move to the sub-ordinate courts, high court and to the Supreme Court for seeking his/her damages in the form of the monetary compensation from the person which accused. Under the Section of 499 and 500 of the Indian Penal Code, it provides an opportunity to the innocent to file a criminal case for the defamation against the one which accused him/ or her. When the accused person is proven to be the guilty then the punishment for such offense is imprisonment of around 2 years which can be extended up to 3 to 4 years or there is also a provision in the law in which the accused person has to pay the fine to the person. Under the criminal law, the person who accused the individual can get bail and this offense is a non-cognizable and compoundable offense.

In some countries, the defamation law are not the criminal laws which are rare and unique characteristic the defamation statement must be in a spoken or a written or in a published or visible manner and that statement must lower the morals of the victim and that statement is considered to be an unprivileged statement. In Civil Law if a person injures a reputation of an individual or a group or nation then that defamation falls under the law of the Torts, which imposes punishment in the form of damage awarded to the person which was accused. But there are some special cases in which the statements are not considered to be as defamation which are:”If a person makes any sort of the truth statement in the public interest then that statement is not considered to be a defamation statement”, “ If a person puts his or her opinion in the public regarding of a person and if that statement marks his or her character , but all these opinion is made in the public interest then that statement is not considered to be a defamation statement”, “If a person touches a public question through his opinion in the public interest then that statement is not considered to be a defamation statement”. This are some special cases when the statements are not considered to be of defamation one.  There are certain basic requirements for a successful defamation to be proved which are a follows: “First of all the presence of the defamatory content is required and that  content should not be manipulated and the defamatory content is defined as one calculated to injure the reputation of another by exposing the person to the hatred, contempt or the ridicule, and there is one test taken of that person who claims that he has been offended and that person needs to comprehend the defamation in an appropriate and in a relevant manner. Second the person who claim was accused he or she should be identified in that defamatory statement and that content must be clearly addressing a particular person for the defamation and there should not be any sort of the false claims made to injure a persons’ reputation. Third there must be publication of the defamatory statement either in the oral or the written context and unless the content is published then only the defamation act can be proven”.  In a civil suit, When all these conditions are satisfied a defamation suit can be filled against the person who accused and then the defendant has the right to plead a privilege or to take defense. If the defendant fails to defend his or her case then the defamation suit is successful.  In a criminal suit the intention to defame is an important element. This all are the requirements which are needed to prove that the defamation act was done and once the defamation act is proven the guilty person has no other option rather than to face the punishment.

According to the Charles Darwin theory of human evolution, he said that the humans are related to the modern apes which are our common ancestor. But the Chimpanzees are considered to be the closest relatives of the humans. There is an often related claim which was based on primitive comparisons published in 1975 that the human chimpanzees DNA is around 98% similar which is an unique distinctive feature.  We, the humans also share our genetic sequences with bonobos and in fact that we share a common ancestor. The human lineage diverged from that of the apes at the least several million years ago and it is said that it may be around 13 million years ago. Both the genetic and fossil evidences prove that the human evolution happened in the Africa. According to both the genetic and fossil evidences around 60,000 years ago the modern humans migrated out of Africa and they began colonizing in the whole world. But the genetic evidences suggests that the soon after leaving Africa, the humans interbred to some extent with the Neanderthasland and an archaic population in Asia called the Denisovans. But the Homo sapiens is currently now the only species of the Human on the earth and in fact it’s a true fact for less than 30,000 years.

Human Evolution is the process through which the human beings developed on the Earth from the now-extinct primates. Human Evolution is considered to be one of the most lengthy process of change by which people were originated from the ape like ancestors starting nearly about 5-6 million years ago.  But the primary resource for detailing the path of the human evolution is always be the fossil specimens. The human fossils always enables the researchers and to study the changes that occurred in the human brain and body size and the other features of the human species tells us that the human life came into existence over the long past 6 million years ago. But the anthropologists agree on the human and ape connection which is something rare. Around the two million years ago, there were some creatures that bear the genetic name Homo came into notice in the fossil record and it is stated as follows: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus and these started working with the stone tools, hand axes and the things for chipping and cutting which is something a remarkable feature. Scientists also reveal that the human brain and the apes brain are up to some extent similar regarding various functions which our brain carry out and their brain carry out. The similarity of human brain and the apes’ brain is a unique characteristic which the humans have.

The humans and the apes are almost similar. The heart of the human and the apes is almost similar but there are some superficial differences which cannot be overlooked. The biological name of the Human is given a “Homo” and the human species is known as the “Homo Sapiens”, Homo sapiens mean the thinking man and a man who has intellectual power of thinking. The Charles Darwin’s Theory of the Human Evolution states that “All the living things on the Earth including the plants, animals, microbes have come from a common ancestor by slowly changing throughout the generations” Darwin also stated that n the Human Evolution the one who is fittest will only survival in the environment i.e. In this World there is survival of the fittest in the environment,  regarding to the plants, animals, microbes and the human beings and the one who survives in a proper manner has the chance to live and breed properly, and those who are weak or les adapted they would definitely not survive.  This Human Evolution is not just a theory it is a drastically change to the world which took place. In fact Human Evolution is a scientific theory which has no twists and turns. Many Scientists truly believe that our common ancestors came into the existence about 5 to 8 million years ago. The Fossils are the remains of living things which are hardened in the rock and this fossil record provides a fairly good outline of human evolutionary history

The study of the human evolution contains a lot of scientific disciplines including the physical anthropology, archaeology, primatology, paleontology, pale anthropology, neurobiology, ethology, embryology, linguistics, human evolution is called paleoanthroplogy. The branch of zoology that deals with the primates is called as the primatology. The study of the human societies and cultures and their development is called as the anthropology or we can also say that the study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution is called as the anthropology.  The study of the human history and the pre history through the excavation of the sites and the analysis of the artefacts and the other physical remains is called as the archaeology. The branch of the science which is concerned with the fossil animals and the plants is called as the palaeontology. The biology of the nervous system is called as the neurobiology. The science of the animal behaviour is called as the ethology or the study of the human behaviour and the social organizations from a biological perspective is called as the ethology. The branch of the biology and the medicine which is concerned with the study of the embryos and their development is called as the embryology. The theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain the useful mental and the psychology traits such as the memory, perception, language is called as the Evolutionary psychology.  The information which a sender wishes to give a receiver through a language is called as the linguistics.  The study of the heredity and the variation of the inherited characteristics is called as the genetics. After going through all these terms it can be said that the Darwin’s theory of Human Evolution from the Monkeys is absolutely true and there are no sorts of doubts regarding it.

History helps us to understand all the circumstances which took place and which was the most turning point in a particular decade. Studying history is one of the most fundamental things which help us to understand all the things of a particular topic. But understanding history is the integral to a good understanding of the condition of being a good human being. History helps us  how to build a robust foundation and a secure one and it also helps us not do the same mistakes which were happen in the past. It is seen often that the history repeats itself and therefore history plays a cardinal role in our life and it also helps us to be prepare for all the instances which would take place in the near future, and that’s the reason history plays a fundamental role in our life and it is wisely said that, the history repeats itself and who knows what we learn right now about the past many come back to help us in the future. In today’s world history is very important because nowadays the things which are told are very much twisted one and then there would be havoc created in the thinking process of people. The Great Michael Crichton quoted as follows:”If you don’t know the history, then you don’t know anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t know it is the part of a tree”. This quote completely clarifies the need of the history even n this modern era. Throughout the course of the history we see a lot of the pattern of the repetition. The examples of the repetition in the history are slavery, violence and war. As we all are human beings and we all are in the human race, we all continue to make the same mistakes over and over again. The main point behind learning history or to have history is that we all should learn from our mistakes so we don’t repeat them again.

History is very important for the present generation to know because the history is being used as the tool for the negative politics by our so called politicians. History is also very important in the aspects of the culture, religion, reforms etc for an individual to know all his/her roots and the ethnicity. History is such a thing which keeps on repeating itself and all the human fail to realise that they are making the same mistakes  and when they come to know that they are making same sort of mistakes every time then the mankind come to an end. History is also a key element to know all the different inventions which take place even before centuries and the discoveries which were made earlier by the great scientists. History is a healthy topic to know how our religion and the culture evolved before thousands of the years ago. History also teaches us how to become a good human being by having a glance through all our great people and all these great people of our religion focused just on the simplicity to be successful. If we don’t know your own culture then you won’t be understand the circumstances which the people had gone through. History is important in our life to understand the present more cautiously and that’s the reason we need to understand the past too. The Great Indian Politician in a debate quoted about future which is as follows:”If you don’t know where you have come from, how will you appreciate where you are going”. The Great Martin Luther King also quoted about history:” We are not the makers of the history, we are made by the history”. These quotes blatantly makes it clear that past is a unique characteristic in our life and it carries great significance in our life regarding what is going to happen in the near future. The Great Winston Churchill quoted about history:”Study history, study history. In history lie all the secrets of the statecraft”. The Great Winston Churchill made a huge point by saying that in the history there are all the secrets of a country or state which can definitely turn the tables in the near future in a rare and unbelievable manner.

The study of the history is crucial because it can tell us how we evolved. We all can take inspirations from the certain events to motivate us in a positive manner. It i wisely said that “Past assists our Present which shapes our Future”. To be more precise history is a well documented past series of the events. If we know the history then we have good experience regarding what would likely happen in the near future. History allows us to retrospect the events which took place and learn from those things and we can try to avoid the inevitable. If we learn history in a relevant manner and do the exegesis about the events we come across all the possibilities that would happen in the future. So it is better to have a glance at the past rather that to regret. A great philosopher once stated that: Those who forget the history they are condemned to repeat it”. This seems to be more perplexing but it is seen that the history repeats itself from time to time. History has got an immense role to play in our lives today and it is also possibility that we may face same circumstances in the future. History should be learnt in order to understand how our ancestors survived through the hardships faced by the limited resources. History is also an important factor especially in how conditions we lived and what calamities we faced in the earlier times. We should all try to learn somehow history and try not to repeat it. To be more rigorous and accurate history tells us what to do and what not to do. History teaches us to learn the lessons. Therefore we can say that the study of the history is important because it tells us where we were and where we are now.

Abraham Lincoln stated about democracy as: “Democracy is the government of the people, for the people and by the people”. This quote is the perfect explanation of the democracy in which the people elect their representative and the representatives work for the welfare of the people. India is the second most populous country in the world and India is the seventh largest country by the area. The Indian democratic government was formed after the nation got independence in the year of 1947. The democracy is the system of the government that allow the citizens to cast their vote without any pressure and elect a government which they desire. In the Indian Democracy each and every citizen has his/ her right to vote irrespective of their caste, colour, creed, religion and of the gender which is quite a distinctive feature which India has. The democracy in India has five democratic principles which are as follows: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and the republic. Sovereign means that the country is free from the interference of any foreign power. Socialist means providing social and economic equality to all the citizens. Secular means freedom to practice any religion. Democratic means that the government of the India. Republic means that the head of the country is not a hereditary king or a hereditary queen. When the citizen of the country is above the age of 18 years, then he/she has the right to vote which cannot be taken away from that citizen. The government of the India is making continuous efforts to prod more and more people to cast their vote in order that the nation gets a well formed and structured government. The government which is being selected by the people is through their wisdom and awareness which determine the future. India has the federal form of the democracy .India is one of the largest democratic country in the world. In India there is democracy in which there are parliamentary elections being conducted every 5 years. The parliamentary elections make clear the general opinion of the common people and according to which the new government comes into the existence with some promising future which is meant for the citizen of the country. It can be seen that the foundations of the democracy in the country of the India is very much stable. The people in the country of the India have developed an extra ordinary matured judgement through which they elect their representatives. In today’s generation there are very much close shaves regarding the political parties, i.e. it is very much rare that we find that one political party ha ascendancy over the another political party and due to which the coalition governments are formed. The people have become sagacious regarding which government to elect for the nation.

The political parties are found most of the times criticising other political parties and the government which is in the government blatantly forgets working for the people and one this political parties form the government through the elections they misuse the power. These parties should not run after money and power but they should engage themselves by developing the country. The representatives who are being elected by the people should be highly educated and they should be morally conscious in order to become the models of the society. The representatives who are being elected should be young and dynamic and the reason behind selecting young representatives is that they understand the circumstances of the people properly. The democracy is recognized as one of the finest form of the government in which each and every individual has the right to participate in the formation of the government which is possible through the voting. In democracy the people are the source of the power where they can choose their desirable political party to run the country. The people elect their representatives and these representatives run the government. These representatives from the parliament legislate and they form the responsible government. The Indian Democracy is very much effective and India’s democracy has been proved to be successful and India’s Democracy is considered to be one the best democratic country in the world. There is no better form of the government than a democratic Government and this democratic government selflessly works for the betterment of the country. Democracy is better than Aristocracy, Dictatorship and the Monarch. The miseries of the people can only be resolved through a democratic government which the Indian country has. The Democracy is the form of the government in which the people will is undoubtedly supposed to be the supreme. Only democracy gives the people freedom of the thought, speech, expression and it also gives freedom of the action. The government i only carried by the elected representative of the people. The democracy is considered as the most cultured and civilized political institution. The elected representatives should show willingness to sincerely perform all their duties and these representatives should not take advantage of people’s votes and they should not harm the ociety by doing mischievous activities. There are four pillars of democracy which are as follows: “Parliament is the first pillar of the democracy, Judiciary is the second pillar of democracy, Bureaucracy is the third pillar of democracy and Journalism is the fourth pillar of democracy”. In democracy journalism plays a major role in the development of the country by analysing all the aspects of a particular topic and conveying it to the people. The journalism is considered as the heart of the democracy. In Democracy the people have the right to select their respected candidate in the elections and in Democracy there are Parliament elections being held every 5 years. Journalism plays a vital role in democracy because it acts as a communicator between government and people through newspapers, magazines, editorials etc. It can also be said that the journalism acts as a bridge between people and the government. In Democracy each and every person has the right to freedom to express his opinions through medium like newspapers, television and also through their respective candidates. Democracy has given each and every citizen the freedom of expression and also privacy which is a distinctive feature of it.